Modality principle
Present Words as Speech Rather Than
On-Screen Text
         Suppose you are presenting a verbal explanation along wirh an animation;video;or series of still frames.Does it matter whether the words in your multimedia presntatioin  are represented as printed text (that is as on-sereen text) or as spoken text (that is as narration) What do cognitive theory and research evidence have orsay about the modality of words in multimedia preesentation ? You;ll get the answer to these questions in the nexr few sections of this chapter.
         Based oncognitive theory andresearch evidence; we recommend that you put word in spoken form rather than printed form whenever the graphic ( animation;video;or series of series of staic frames ) is the focus of the words and both are both are presented simultaneously.Thus; we recommend that you avoid.